Les pluies acides : de quoi s’agit-il ?
L’eau pure est considérée comme une substance neutre avec un pH de 7. Lorsqu’elle est propre, (non polluée) l’eau de pluie est légèrement acide avec un pH de 5,6. Les pluies acides désignent toute forme de précipitations ayant un pH inférieur à 5,6. Généralement, le pH des pluies acides est compris entre 2 et 4,5.
Pourquoi les pluies acides existent-elles ?
La principale cause des pluies acides est la pollution atmosphérique. Une partie des gaz présents dans l’air se dilue dans les gouttes de pluie et produit de l’acide. Le CO2 ou carbone se transforme ainsi en acide carbonique, et sa présence dans l’eau de pluie est naturelle. Ce phénomène explique la légère acidité de la pluie par rapport à l’eau.
Parlons de réactions chimiques
De nombreuses activités humaines reposent sur les combustibles fossiles. Par exemple, les usines alimentées au charbon brûlent des combustibles fossiles, tout comme les moteurs à essence des voitures. La combustion des combustibles fossiles émet de nombreux gaz. Deux de ces gaz sont le dioxyde de soufre (SO2) et les oxydes d’azote (NOx). Il existe également des sources naturelles de ces gaz, comme les volcans.
Lorsque ces gaz se combinent avec l’eau et l’oxygène dans l’atmosphère, ils produisent des acides sulfurique, nitrique et nitreux.
La réaction chimique du dioxyde de soufre avec l’eau et l’oxygène pour former de l’acide sulfurique (©2020 Let’s Talk Science).
La réaction chimique de l’oxyde nitrique avec l’eau et l’oxygène pour former de l’acide nitrique et de l’acide nitreux (©2020 Let’s Talk Science).
Cela peut avoir deux résultats. Ces acides peuvent être éliminés de l’atmosphère par dépôt humide. Cela signifie qu’ils retombent avec les précipitations, par exemple dans la pluie ou la neige. Ils peuvent également être éliminés de l’atmosphère par dépôt sec. Cela signifie qu’ils retombent sous forme de gaz ou de poussière.
L’acidification des eaux entraîne une érosion de la biodiversité ?
L’indice de Shannon (H’) est utilisé pour évaluer la biodiversité d’un environnement. Plus la valeur de cet indice est élevée, plus la biodiversité est importante.
Le graphique ci-contre présente l’indice de Shannon appliqué aux macroinvertébrés benthiques (invertébrés vivant au fond des cours d’eau) en fonction de l’acidité d’un cours d’eau. On constate ici que plus le pH du cours d’eau est faible, plus la biodiversité (Gerold, 2010).
De même, plus la concentration en aluminium est élevée, plus la biodiversité est faible. Enfin, plus la concentration en calcium ou en magnésium est faible, plus la biodiversité est faible.
Un cours d’eau ou un lac acidifié présente donc une faible diversité biologique.
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2020-09-29 16:07:382021-09-15 18:22:40POURQUOI LA FONDATION VOLCAN ACTIVE EXISTE-T-ELLE ?
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2020-04-06 09:00:172021-09-15 18:25:58VOLCANOLOGIE POUR LA SOCIÉTÉ
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2020-02-28 14:10:352021-09-15 18:33:16GEOASTROLAB – PROJET DE LABORATOIRE DE GÉOSCIENCES ET D’ASTRONOMIE
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-12-08 12:32:012021-09-15 18:37:43LE REVEIL DU SUPER-VOLCAN NAPOLITAIN SERAIT UNE CATASTROPHE
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-11-18 16:22:482021-09-15 18:40:44INTERVIEW D’ALEXANDRE DEL VALLE À ANNE FORNIER
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-11-12 15:08:322021-09-15 18:46:11UNE SÉRIE DE DOCUMENTAIRES POUR ÉDUQUER LE MONDE
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-09-09 15:00:002021-09-15 18:56:03INTERVIEW D’ANNE FORNIER SUR JET8
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-09-09 14:24:052021-09-15 18:59:55LA FONDATION AU MEXIQUE
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-08-22 08:32:462021-09-15 19:03:16COMMENT VOUS AFFECTE UNE ÉRUPTION VOLCANIQUE?
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-08-06 11:19:122021-09-15 19:11:08SITUATION PRÉOCCUPANTE DU VOLCAN UBINAS
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-08-05 15:16:332021-09-15 19:16:50LA FONDATION DANS LE DAUPHINÉ LIBÉRÉ
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-08-05 14:33:232021-09-15 19:19:30LA FONDATION AU BAILLEUR SAVOYARD
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-06-11 15:34:472021-09-15 19:22:25EL TEIDE FAIT PARTIE D’UN SYSTÈME VOLCANIQUE ACTIF
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-06-11 08:27:342021-09-15 16:29:00ÉRUPTION DU SINABUNG
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-06-04 14:55:072021-09-15 19:27:16L’ERUPTION DE YELLOWSTONE POURRAIT PROVOQUER LA FIN DE L’HUMANITÉ
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-05-27 16:05:142021-09-15 19:29:36QUAND LA TERRE RÉVEILLE SA CEINTURE DE FEU.
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-05-07 16:01:022021-09-15 19:32:20LA FONDATION SUR RADIO OLOT
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-05-02 10:51:282021-09-15 19:35:07VOLCANO SCHOOL À OLOT
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-05-02 08:14:052021-09-15 19:40:25LA FONDATION ET VOLCANO SCHOOL DANS IBERIAN PRESS
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-05-02 08:00:432021-09-15 19:46:12LA FONDATION ET VOLCANO SCHOOL AU GARROTXI
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-04-29 12:10:492021-09-15 19:50:12PREMIER ÉCHANGE D’ÉCOLES SUR LES VOL VOLCAN ET LEURS RISQUES
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-04-26 07:52:482021-09-15 19:54:15TE ACERCO A MI VOLCAN
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-04-25 13:31:522021-09-16 11:09:18LA FONDATION À EL PUNT AVUI
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-04-24 14:30:112021-09-16 11:03:06ANNE FORNIER : VOLCANOLOGUE ET LANCEUSE D’ALERTE
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1485
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-04-09 08:12:012021-09-16 10:58:44LACS MORTELS
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-04-04 14:06:182021-09-16 10:55:23LE VOLCAN PARICUTIN. SENTIERS ET INTERPRÉTATION.
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-04-04 14:04:492021-09-16 10:52:05LES SEPT LUMINAIRES. DES CRATÈRES ENTRE LES VILLAGES.
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-04-04 12:47:462021-09-16 10:45:03RÉSEAU INTERNATIONAL DE GUIDES VOLCANIQUES
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-04-03 16:24:092021-09-16 10:41:24RISQUES NATURELS À GOMA ET DANS LES VILLAGES VOISINS
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-04-03 15:48:212021-09-16 10:34:53INFLUENCES DE LA DYNAMIQUE DES SOURCES D’HUMIDITÉ ET DES RÉGIMES MÉTÉOROLOGIQUES EN AFRIQUE CENTRALE ET ORIENTALE
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-02-19 12:12:172021-09-16 10:31:01VEI: COMMENT ÉVALUEZ-VOUS LA FORCE D’UNE ÉRUPTION ?
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-02-18 17:07:142021-09-16 10:26:57CAMPI FLEGREI, UNE BOMBE À RETARDEMENT
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-01-23 11:03:272021-09-16 10:20:37COMMENT NAÎT UN VOLCAN ? L’HISTOIRE DU PARICUTÍN
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-01-16 10:52:182021-09-16 10:18:57L’ETNA POURRAIT-ELLE PROVOQUER UN TSUNAMI ?
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2018-12-20 12:40:492021-09-16 10:15:17LA FERTILITÉ DES VOLCANS
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Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2018-12-20 11:56:112021-09-16 10:10:55CE QUE NOUS SAVONS DES VOLCANS SOUS-MARINS
Since 2021 VOLCANO ACTIVE FOUNDATION has been committed to the UN Global Compact corporate responsibility initiative and its principles in the areas of human rights, labour, the environment and anti-corruption.
ÉRUPTION LA PALMA DÉTRUIT DES MAISONS, DÉPLACENT 6 500 PERSONNES