Acid rain: what is it?
Pure water is considered a neutral substance with a pH of 7. When clean, (unpolluted) rainwater is slightly acidic with a pH of 5.6. Acid rain refers to any form of precipitation with a pH below 5.6. Generally, the pH of acid rain is between 2 and 4.5.
Why does acid rain exist?
The primary cause of acid rain is air pollution. Some of the gas in the air gets diluted in the raindrops and produces acid. CO2 or carbon is thus transformed into carbonic acid, and its presence in rainwater is natural. This phenomenon explains the slight acidity of rain compared to water.
Let’s talk about chemical reactions
Many human activities rely on fossil fuels. For example, coal-fired factories burn fossil fuels, as do petrol engines in cars. Burning fossil fuels emits many gases. Two of these gases are sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). There are also natural sources of these gases, such as volcanoes.
When these gases combine with water and oxygen in the atmosphere, they produce sulphuric, nitric and nitrous acids.
The chemical reaction of sulphur dioxide with water and oxygen to form sulphuric acid (©2020 Let’s Talk Science).
The chemical reaction of nitric oxide with water and oxygen to form nitric acid and nitrous acid (©2020 Let’s Talk Science).
This can have two results. These acids can be removed from the atmosphere by wet deposition. This means that they fall back with precipitation, for example in rain or snow. They can also be removed from the atmosphere by dry deposition. This means that they fall back as gas or dust.
Acidification of waters causes erosion of biodiversity?
The Shannon index (H’) is used to evaluate the biodiversity within an environment. The higher the value of this index, the greater the biodiversity.
The graph opposite shows the Shannon index applied to benthic macroinvertebrates (invertebrates living on the bottom of watercourses) as a function of the acidity of a watercourse. We can see here that the lower the pH of the watercourse, the lower the biodiversity (Gerold, 2010).
Similarly, the higher the aluminium concentration, the lower the biodiversity. Finally, the lower the concentration of calcium or magnesium, the lower the biodiversity.
An acidified river or lake, therefore, has a low biological diversity.
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Anne Fornier2019-12-08 12:32:012021-09-27 17:19:33THE AWAKENING OF THE NEAPOLITAN SUPERVOLCANO WOULD BE A CATASTROPHE
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Anne Fornier2019-11-18 16:22:482021-09-27 17:19:46INTERVIEW OF ALEXANDRE DEL VALLE TO ANNE FORNIER
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Anne Fornier2019-11-12 15:08:322021-09-27 17:20:09SERIES OF DOCUMENTARIES TO EDUCATE THE WORLD
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Anne Fornier2019-09-09 15:00:002021-09-27 17:20:23INTERVIEW WITH ANNE FORNIER ON JET8
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Anne Fornier2019-09-09 14:24:052021-09-27 17:21:07THE FOUNDATION IN MEXICO
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Anne Fornier2019-08-22 08:32:462021-09-27 17:22:08HOW DOES A VOLCANIC ERUPTION AFFECT YOU?
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Anne Fornier2019-08-06 11:19:122021-09-27 17:22:19WORRYING SITUATION OF THE UBINAS VOLCANO
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Anne Fornier2019-08-05 15:16:332021-09-27 17:22:30THE FOUNDATION IN LE DAUPHINÉ LIBÉRÉ
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Anne Fornier2019-08-05 14:33:232021-09-27 17:22:41THE FOUNDATION AT LESSOR SAVOYARD
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Anne Fornier2019-06-11 15:34:472021-09-27 17:22:58EL TEIDE IS PART OF AN ACTIVE VOLCANIC SYSTEM
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Anne Fornier2019-06-11 08:27:342021-09-27 17:23:10SINABUNG ERUPTS
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Anne Fornier2019-06-04 14:55:072021-09-27 17:23:30YELLOWSTONE ERUPTION COULD CAUSE THE END OF HUMANITY
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Anne Fornier2019-05-27 16:05:142021-09-27 17:23:41WHEN THE EARTH AWAKENS ITS BELT OF FIRE
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Anne Fornier2019-05-07 16:01:022021-09-27 17:23:53THE FOUNDATION on RADIO OLOT
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Anne Fornier2019-05-02 10:51:282021-09-27 17:24:03VOLCANO SCHOOL IN OLOT
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Anne Fornier2019-05-02 08:14:052021-09-27 17:24:18THE FOUNDATION AND VOLCANO SCHOOL AT IBERIAN PRESS
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Anne Fornier2019-05-02 08:00:432021-09-27 17:25:13THE FOUNDATION and VOLCANO SCHOOL AT THE GARROTXI
Iberian Press
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Anne Fornier2019-04-29 12:10:492021-09-27 17:25:54FIRST SCHOOL EXCHANGE ON VOLCANOES AND THEIR HAZARDS
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Anne Fornier2019-04-26 07:52:482021-09-27 17:28:22TE ACERCO A MI VOLCAN
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Anne Fornier2019-04-25 13:31:522021-09-27 17:28:35THE FOUNDATION IN EL PUNT AVUI
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Anne Fornier2019-04-24 14:30:112021-09-27 17:29:57ANNE FORNIER: VOLCANOLOGIST AND WHISTLEBLOWER
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Anne Fornier2019-04-09 08:12:012021-09-27 17:30:07DEADLY LAKES
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Anne Fornier2019-04-04 14:06:182021-09-27 17:30:19THE PARICUTIN VOLCANO. TRAILS AND INTERPRETATION.
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Anne Fornier2019-04-04 14:04:492021-09-27 17:30:31THE SEVEN LUMINARIES. CRATERS BETWEEN VILLAGES.
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Anne Fornier2019-04-04 12:47:462021-09-27 17:30:43INTERNATIONAL NETWORK OF VOLCANO GUIDES
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Anne Fornier2019-04-03 16:24:092021-09-27 17:31:10NATURAL HAZARDS IN GOMA AND THE SURROUNDING VILLAGES
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Anne Fornier2019-04-03 15:48:212021-09-27 17:31:24INFLUENCE OF MOISTURE SOURCE DYNAMICS AND WEATHER PATTERNS IN CENTRAL-EASTERN AFRICA
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Anne Fornier2019-02-19 12:12:172021-09-27 17:32:32VEI HOW DO YOU RATE THE STRENGTH OF AN ERUPTION?
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Anne Fornier2019-02-18 17:07:142021-09-27 17:32:43CAMPI FLEGREI, A TICKING TIME BOMB
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Anne Fornier2019-01-23 11:03:272021-09-27 17:39:35HOW A VOLCANO IS CREATED? THE HISTORY OF PARICUTÍN
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Anne Fornier2019-01-16 10:52:182021-09-27 17:40:55COULD ETNA CAUSE A TSUNAMI?
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Anne Fornier2018-12-20 12:40:492021-09-27 17:48:16THE FERTILITY OF VOLCANOES
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Anne Fornier2018-12-20 11:56:112022-01-19 17:14:13WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT UNDERSEA VOLCANOES
Since 2021 VOLCANO ACTIVE FOUNDATION has been committed to the UN Global Compact corporate responsibility initiative and its principles in the areas of human rights, labour, the environment and anti-corruption.
ERUPTION OF THE HUNGA TONGA-HUNGA HA’APAI VOLCANO