Erupción del volcán Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai
El 15 de enero 2022, Por
El 15 de enero 2022, Por
El sábado, a última hora de la tarde, hora local (fue a primera hora de la mañana, hora húngara), se produjo una enorme y explosiva erupción volcánica en el océano Pacífico occidental, en las islas Tonga.
Refencia : Szabolcs HArangi Blog
Imagen de satélite de una nube de ceniza de la erupción volcánica del sábado

Según las imágenes de satélite, la nube de ceniza volcánica de la explosión se elevó a casi 20 kilómetros y alcanzó la estratosfera. El sonido de la erupción se escuchó a más de 1000 kilómetros de distancia y la onda de presión atmosférica se sintió en toda la Tierra. Tras la erupción, se activaron las alarmas de inundación en la región de Tonga gracias a las indicaciones de los sensores construidos en la última década. La marea fluyó hacia las pequeñas islas de la región y durante el día llegó a la costa oeste de Japón e incluso a Norteamérica.
Pero, ¿qué pasó realmente y dónde está el volcán?
La región de Tonga está a unos 1.500 kilómetros al norte de Nueva Zelanda. Las islas son de origen volcánico, ya que la roca del Pacífico crece hacia el oeste bajo la roca australiana. La consecuencia de esto es que, debido a la alta presión y a la elevada temperatura, las soluciones húmedas se desprenden de la placa de roca oceánica penetrando más profundamente en la placa de roca. Aquí se reduce el punto de fusión de la roca terrestre, lo que provoca una intensa fusión y la formación de núcleos. Cuando el magma sale a la superficie, provoca la actividad volcánica.
Sin embargo, esto ocurre bajo el agua en la mayoría de los casos. Bajo la cubierta de agua del océano se forman volcanes más o menos grandes, cuyo crecimiento puede llevar a algunos de ellos a elevarse por encima del agua y esto es también lo que ocurrió en la región de Tonga. Bajo el agua del océano se ha formado un enorme volcán, en cuyo borde norte las erupciones volcánicas han creado dos islas más pequeñas: las islas Hunga Ha’apai y las islas Hongga Tonga.
En 2015, una erupción volcánica explosiva conectó los dos continentes y después se convirtieron en una isla. El 20 de diciembre 2021, tras varios años de calma, se produjo otra enorme erupción explosiva en la que la nube de ceniza volcánica se elevó hasta 15 kilómetros de altura. Con ello, el tamaño de la isla volvió a aumentar. Siguió otro descanso, ¡pero no por mucho tiempo! El 14 de enero se produjo una explosión aún más potente, seguida de otra un día después.


Subducción de Tonga (cinturón de inmersión en placa rocosa)
¿Cómo puede una pequeña isla producir tal erupción volcánica?
El volcán submarino del océano manda la autoridad, que fue revelada por la investigación de la última década. La erupción del volcán se eleva a 1800 metros sobre la superficie del océano y su base tiene un diámetro de 20 kilómetros. Durante sus investigaciones de hace siete años, al examinar las rocas de anteriores erupciones del volcán, los vulcanólogos llegaron a la conclusión de que el volcán es capaz de hacer erupciones bastante grandes.
Para una erupción que se produce de media una vez cada mil años. Pues bien, ¡ha ocurrido hoy en día! Se trata de un volcán de caldera, que se forma de manera que una enorme cantidad de magma sale del núcleo profundo de una sola vez. Y la parte superior de este se derrumba y la superficie se hunde así. En el caso de este volcán, durante las anteriores erupciones se formó una caldera de 6 kilómetros de diámetro. Ahora se supone que habrá otra erupción que formará una caldera.
¿Qué causó esta enorme explosión y por qué la zanja estaba unida a ella?
Cuando el magma llega repentinamente a la superficie cubierta de agua del océano, en la superficie de encuentro del magma y el agua fría a más de 1000 grados Celsius, se desarrolla una capa de vapor, que explota en pocos segundos y el magma y el agua pueden mezclarse. El agua que entra en el magma se convierte en vapor, lo que provoca un importante aumento de volumen. Todo esto ocurre en una fracción de segundo y el repentino aumento de volumen hace estallar el magma de forma explosiva, que se rompe a velocidades de varios cientos de metros por segundo. El material magmático entra en erupción en forma de una nube oscura de ceniza volcánica con forma de gallo, que va acompañada de una pequeña nube de erupción rica en gases volcánicos y vapor de agua. Sin embargo, ¡esta nube de erupción ha superado los 20 kilómetros de altura! Dada la fuerza de la erupción, se supone que ésta fue causada por la represión de una cantidad considerable de magma, que ya ha comenzado la extracción de burbujas de gas, la mezcla de magma y agua sólo dio el empuje final para una erupción explosiva. Según los primeros datos de los satélites, la nube eruptiva que llegó a la estratosfera no era rica en dióxido de azufre, por lo que es poco probable que la erupción volcánica tenga un impacto climático.
El repentino aumento de enormes cantidades de magma durante dos grandes erupciones explosivas hizo que la superficie volcánica submarina entrara en erupción, permitiendo que la caldera volcánica se profundizara y ampliara. Este movimiento vertical de material desencadenó olas que provocaron inundaciones repentinas en las islas cercanas y en las remotas costas del Océano Pacífico.
¿Habrá mil años de calma después de estas dos o tres explosiones en diciembre?
Es difícil decirlo ahora, pero el análisis volcánico de los próximos días ayudará a interpretarlo. Esta actividad volcánica confirma también el enorme papel de los dispositivos de teledetección por satélite en la vigilancia vulcanológica y la previsión de erupciones.

Imágenes de la izquierda y la derecha: mapas del volcán submarino Shane Cronin


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Anne Fornier2019-09-09 14:24:052021-10-06 16:45:48LA FUNDACIÓN EN MÉXICO
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1240
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-08-22 08:32:462021-10-06 16:45:36¿CÓMO LE AFECTA UNA ERUPCIÓN VOLCÁNICA?
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333
500
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-08-06 11:19:122021-10-06 16:45:26ERUPCIÓN DEL VOLCÁN UBINAS MÁS DE 10 000 PERSONAS AFECTADAS
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1466
1980
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-08-05 15:16:332021-10-06 16:44:58LA FUNDACIÓN EN LE DAUPHINÉ LIBÉRÉ
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1592
1980
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-08-05 14:33:232021-10-06 16:44:50LA FUNDACIÓN EN LESSOR SAVOYARD
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800
1200
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-06-11 15:34:472021-10-06 16:44:27EL TEIDE FORMA PARTE DE UN SISTEMA VOLCÁNICO ACTIVO
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1531
2041
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-06-11 08:27:342021-10-06 16:25:16ERUPCIÓN DEL SINABUNG
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515
1030
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-06-04 14:55:072021-10-06 16:25:07LA ERUPCIÓN DE YELLOWSTONE PODRÍA CAUSAR EL FIN DE LA HUMANIDAD
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578
1366
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-05-27 16:05:142021-10-06 16:25:01CUANDO LA TIERRA DESPIERTA SU CINTURÓN DE FUEGO
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1848
1980
Anne Fornier
https://volcanofoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/volcano-foundation-1-1.png
Anne Fornier2019-05-07 16:01:022021-10-06 16:16:27LA FUNDACIÓN en RADIO OLOT
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1709
2560
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-05-02 10:51:282021-10-06 16:16:03VOLCANO SCHOOL EN OLOT
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628
715
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-05-02 08:14:052021-10-06 16:15:50LA FUNDACIÓN Y VOLCANO SCHOOL EN IBERIAN PRESS
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739
715
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-05-02 08:00:432021-10-06 16:15:40LA FUNDACIÓN Y LA VOLCANO SCHOOL EN EL GARROTXI
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815
1900
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-04-26 07:52:482021-10-06 16:14:36TE ACERCO A MI VOLCAN
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1116
1052
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-04-25 13:31:522021-10-06 16:14:25LA FUNDACIÓN EN EL PUNT AVUI
https://volcanofoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/volcanoschool-iberianpress.png
1028
1500
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-04-24 19:52:562021-10-06 16:14:17PRIMER INTERCAMBIO ESCOLAR SOBRE LOS VOLCANES Y SUS PELIGROS
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964
1200
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-04-24 14:30:112021-10-06 16:14:08ANNE FORNIER: VULCANÓLOGA Y DENUNCIANTE
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1485
1980
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-04-09 08:12:012021-10-06 16:12:03LAGOS MORTALES
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382
576
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-04-04 14:04:492021-10-06 16:11:50LAS SIETE LUMINARIAS. CRÁTERES ENTRE PUEBLOS.
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1125
1500
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-04-04 12:47:462021-10-06 16:11:42RED INTERNACIONAL DE GUIAS EN VOLCANES
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1080
1920
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-04-03 16:24:092021-10-06 16:11:37RIESGOS NATURALES EN GOMA Y PUEBLOS VECINOS
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415
1800
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-02-19 12:12:172021-10-06 16:11:14VEI: ¿CÓMO SE CALIFICA LA FUERZA DE UNA ERUPCIÓN?
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1200
1920
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-02-18 17:07:142021-10-06 16:10:58CAMPI FLEGREI, UNA BOMBA DE RELOJERÍA
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1958
2048
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-01-23 11:03:272021-10-06 16:10:38¿CÓMO NACE UN VOLCÁN? LA HISTORIA DEL PARICUTÍN
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550
1024
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-01-16 10:52:182021-09-16 10:19:46¿PODRÍA PROVOCAR UN TSUNAMI EL ETNA?
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1080
1920
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2018-12-20 12:40:492021-10-06 16:09:47LA FERTILIDAD DE LOS VOLCANES
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795
1200
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2018-12-20 11:56:112021-10-06 16:09:33LO QUE SABEMOS SOBRE LOS VOLCANES SUBMARINOSVOLCANO ACTIVE FOUNDATION RESPONSABILITY
nº 2195 authorised by the Madrid's Minister of Justice
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SF Abocados Francesc Macia 7 pl17
08029 Barcelona, Spain

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