LA HISTORIA DEL MONTE PELÉE DE MARTINICA
Por Anne Fornier
Por Anne Fornier
Monte Pelée, montaña volcánica activa
Monte Pelée, montaña volcánica activa Martinica. Situado a 24 km al noroeste de Fort-de-France, alcanza una altura de 1.397 metros. Pelée, cuyo nombre es un término francés que significa «Calvo», está formado por capas de ceniza volcánica y lavas.
En 1902 era mucho mayor. El volcán había mostrado signos de actividad en 1792 y 1851, aunque en ambos casos las erupciones fueron menor.
Desde la quincena de abril de 1902, la montaña había comenzado a mostrar signos de actividad con estruendos subterráneos, ligeros temblores y crujidos en las parcelas, de las que salían fumarolas de azufre.
El jueves 1 de mayo de 1902, el volcán comenzó a a expulsar ceniza a su alrededor, que cubrió los campos de los alrededores y también contaminó las aguas cercanas al propio puerto.


Comienzo de la destrucción
El gobernador Louis Mouttet estaba recibiendo informes y avisos de que se estaba desarrollando una actividad volcánica inusual, pero por razones políticas trató de bajar el perfil de los acontecimientos resistiéndose a una evacuación general de St. Pierre. Por la noche, terremotos de baja intensidad, acompañados de estruendos subterráneos, mantuvieron despierta a la población durante la noche.
El viernes 2 de mayo, se recibieron informes sobre fumarolas, desprendimientos de lodo caliente y un incesante lluvia de fina ceniza volcánica. Algunos consulados optaron por cerrar sus edificios y ordenaron a su personal que subiera a los barcos anclados en el puerto; de hecho, algunos capitanes decidieron marcharse cuanto antes porque consideraban que la isla estaba en peligro.
El sábado 3 de mayo, la ladera occidental del monte Pelée estaba completamente cubierta de ceniza blanca, y numerosos grupos de refugiados y lugareños que huían llegaron a San Pedro. Informaron de que varios de los 22 ríos vecinos estaban desbordados y el río Roxelane, un río muy cercano al volcán, estaba completamente contaminado con cadáveres de animales y algunos cuerpos humanos en sus orillas. Ante las preguntas desesperadas de los habitantes, el alcalde de St. Pierre, Roger Fouché, junto con el gobernador, intentaron calmar a la población e insistieron en que los sucesos cesarían y que no pasaría nada malo.
Del 4 al 7 de mayo, el Monte Pelée entró en una fase de actividad pirotécnica arrojando proyecciones clásticas incandescentes y una fumarola comenzó a apoderarse de las alturas sobre St. Pierre. Un un enjambre de alimañas, entre las que se encontraban hormigas, ciempiés, arañas de todo tipo y víboras venenosas, invadieron las calles de St. Pierre para huir de la muerte que intuían y empujaron a la población hacia sus casas. Un enorme alud de lodo irrumpió en el mar y provocó un maremoto que rompió las amarras de varios barcos en la bahía. Para entonces, St. Pierre tenía una población de refugiados de más de 30.000, lo que provocó una grave escasez de alimentos.
El jueves 8 de mayo, el SS Roraima de la Quebec Line ancló hacia las 6 de la mañana a 900 m de St Pierre; sus 50 tripulantes fueron testigos del flujo piroclástico que descendía lentamente por la ladera del monte Pelée.

Una fase de erupción cataclísmica
A las 7.30 horas, el volcán entró en una fase de erupción cataclísmica declarada, arrojando grandes cantidades de lava. Una colosal y densa pluma piroclástica se elevó a una altura de más de 10 km y se desarrolló muy rápidamente. Treinta minutos más tarde, esta misma columna, habiendo cedido la presión de empuje vertical inicial, colapsó por gravedad y con una temperatura de 400-600 °C descendió por las laderas cubiertas de lava incandescente hasta cubrir el suelo y devastar completamente St. Pierre y el propio puerto. El mismo acontecimiento sepultó la ciudad de Pompeya en el año 79 d.C. en Nápoles, Italia.
El flujo piroclástico avanzó por la superficie del mar golpeando varios barcos anclados, entre ellos el SS Roraima, cuyo carga de nitrato de potasio se incendió destruyendo su estructura e incinerando a sus pasajeros.
El Pouyer-Quertier, un vapor francés que llegó al lugar, fue testigo de la aniquilación de la ciudad. El operador de radio envió un mensaje urgente a Fort-de-France:
St. Pierre destruida por la erupción del Pelée, envíen toda la ayuda posible.
La ciudad estalló en llamas, se quemaron toneladas de caña de azúcar y caña de azúcar, y algunos 30.000 personas perecieron casi instantáneamente, algunas asfixiadas, otras incineradas. Para muchos, la muerte adquirió características horrorosas.
Varios barcos anclados fueron golpeados por la nube piroclástica y murieron calcinados, muriendo todas sus tripulaciones, transformándose en osarios flotantes; entre ellos había barcos estadounidenses, como el buque mixto SS Roraima con 50 personas a bordo, el vapor Rodman y el SS Tamaya.

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Anne Fornier2019-08-06 11:19:122021-10-06 16:45:26ERUPCIÓN DEL VOLCÁN UBINAS MÁS DE 10 000 PERSONAS AFECTADAS
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1466
1980
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-08-05 15:16:332021-10-06 16:44:58LA FUNDACIÓN EN LE DAUPHINÉ LIBÉRÉ
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1592
1980
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-08-05 14:33:232021-10-06 16:44:50LA FUNDACIÓN EN LESSOR SAVOYARD
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800
1200
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-06-11 15:34:472021-10-06 16:44:27EL TEIDE FORMA PARTE DE UN SISTEMA VOLCÁNICO ACTIVO
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1531
2041
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-06-11 08:27:342021-10-06 16:25:16ERUPCIÓN DEL SINABUNG
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515
1030
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-06-04 14:55:072021-10-06 16:25:07LA ERUPCIÓN DE YELLOWSTONE PODRÍA CAUSAR EL FIN DE LA HUMANIDAD
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578
1366
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-05-27 16:05:142021-10-06 16:25:01CUANDO LA TIERRA DESPIERTA SU CINTURÓN DE FUEGO
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1848
1980
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-05-07 16:01:022021-10-06 16:16:27LA FUNDACIÓN en RADIO OLOT
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1709
2560
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-05-02 10:51:282021-10-06 16:16:03VOLCANO SCHOOL EN OLOT
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628
715
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-05-02 08:14:052021-10-06 16:15:50LA FUNDACIÓN Y VOLCANO SCHOOL EN IBERIAN PRESS
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739
715
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-05-02 08:00:432021-10-06 16:15:40LA FUNDACIÓN Y LA VOLCANO SCHOOL EN EL GARROTXI
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815
1900
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-04-26 07:52:482021-10-06 16:14:36TE ACERCO A MI VOLCAN
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1116
1052
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-04-25 13:31:522021-10-06 16:14:25LA FUNDACIÓN EN EL PUNT AVUI
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1028
1500
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-04-24 19:52:562021-10-06 16:14:17PRIMER INTERCAMBIO ESCOLAR SOBRE LOS VOLCANES Y SUS PELIGROS
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964
1200
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-04-24 14:30:112021-10-06 16:14:08ANNE FORNIER: VULCANÓLOGA Y DENUNCIANTE
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1485
1980
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-04-09 08:12:012021-10-06 16:12:03LAGOS MORTALES
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382
576
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-04-04 14:04:492021-10-06 16:11:50LAS SIETE LUMINARIAS. CRÁTERES ENTRE PUEBLOS.
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1125
1500
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-04-04 12:47:462021-10-06 16:11:42RED INTERNACIONAL DE GUIAS EN VOLCANES
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1080
1920
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-04-03 16:24:092021-10-06 16:11:37RIESGOS NATURALES EN GOMA Y PUEBLOS VECINOS
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415
1800
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-02-19 12:12:172021-10-06 16:11:14VEI: ¿CÓMO SE CALIFICA LA FUERZA DE UNA ERUPCIÓN?
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1200
1920
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-02-18 17:07:142021-10-06 16:10:58CAMPI FLEGREI, UNA BOMBA DE RELOJERÍA
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1958
2048
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-01-23 11:03:272021-10-06 16:10:38¿CÓMO NACE UN VOLCÁN? LA HISTORIA DEL PARICUTÍN
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550
1024
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2019-01-16 10:52:182021-09-16 10:19:46¿PODRÍA PROVOCAR UN TSUNAMI EL ETNA?
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1080
1920
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2018-12-20 12:40:492021-10-06 16:09:47LA FERTILIDAD DE LOS VOLCANES
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795
1200
Anne Fornier
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Anne Fornier2018-12-20 11:56:112021-10-06 16:09:33LO QUE SABEMOS SOBRE LOS VOLCANES SUBMARINOSVOLCANO ACTIVE FOUNDATION RESPONSABILITY
nº 2195 authorised by the Madrid's Minister of Justice
NIF G67314625
SF Abocados Francesc Macia 7 pl17
08029 Barcelona, Spain

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